Map of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and part of Montana

The Pacific Northwest shortly after the Civil War.

This beautiful map of Oregon, Washington Territory, Idaho Territory, and most of Montana Territory was published in Philadelphia by Samuel Augustus Mitchell in 1867. Mitchell was one of the most prominent American mapmakers of the 19th century, and initially got involved with cartography as a school teacher who was frustrated with the quality of available maps. He collaborated with skilled engravers and produced high-quality maps and atlases that contained the most up-to-date information available. Mitchell’s son (of the same name) would take over the business after his death in 1860 and continue the tremendous output of useful educational resources.

His attention to detail is evident within the image, which provides an engaging snapshot of the Pacific Northwest in the mid-1860s. There are no steam railroads in operation anywhere within the vast region, though a proposed transcontinental route in the north can be traced from the Milk River to Steilacoom, the oldest incorporated town in Washington (1854). Also shown are the overland wagon roads, including the Oregon Trail, which concluded at Oregon City in the Willamette Valley.

Topography is depicted in hachure, emphasizing the rugged terrain experienced by intrepid travelers, as well as the potential mineral wealth to be had in the mountains. In particular, the gold mines noted near Idaho City were rapidly fueling the territorial economy, as well as additional deposits in Montana. Toponyms label a fascinating variety of locations of interest, including geographic features, post offices, forts, and missions.